|  | Grammar 
                check explanation: 
                the present perfect tense can be used to describe an action 
                that 
                began 
                in the past and continues up to the present time.
 
 The present perfect is formed by conjugating the present form of 
                the verb have with the             past participle of the main verb.
 
              
                | Subject | Correct 
                  Form 
                  of Have | Past 
                  Participle | Since 
                  + Specified Time |  
                | The 
                  organizaion | has | existed | since 
                  1945. |  
                            Instructions: in this exercise, put the verb in parentheses 
                in the correct form of the present perfect
                
                tense(for 
                purposes of this                     exercise, use the present perfect tense only). 
 Example: The Republic of 
                  Kazakhstan (be)               a 
                  member of the United Nations since 1992.
 
 You will type in the correct form of the present perfect verb 
                as shown below:
 The Republic of Kazakhstan has been a member of the United 
                Nations since 1992.
 
 
 
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                for exercise
 
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                for further explanation of grammar
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